Sublevel caving technique by partha d sharma issuu. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel caving. This report is advocated towards a layman in block caving in view of getting an impression about the block cave mining method. Combining the equations for recovery and extraction also yields.
Therefore, the infrastructure is always placed on the footwall side. Numerical modelling for blastinduced fragmentation in. But the principles in sublevel caving blasting are applicable to other underground mining methods. In particular, the effects of increased sublevel intervals were investigated in order to under stand their impact upon stop recovery. Fourth international symposium on block and sublevel caving. When sublevelcaving was started on the gogebic range the. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. Sublevel caving can be used in orebodies with very different properties and is an easy method to mechanize. Sublevel caving pdf search engine, free search, pdf download. Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf. The australian centre for geomechanics looks forward to hosting the fourth international symposium on block and sublevel caving in.
This paper supplements a keynote address prepared for the 2010 second international symposium on block and sublevel caving. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and. Block cave development using a postundercut method. Sublevel caving slc is an underground mass mining method used for extracting different types of ore. Metodo sublevel caving by juan carlos perez on prezi. Project sublevel caving was carried out during the years 2009 and 2011, with a budget on 450 million nok. As part of this study, mr robin kear was requested to conduct an economic desktop study and it was from his report that the mining block height and peak production rates were determined murray et al. Depicted here in this sublevel caving operation are an ore pass extending vertically down to horizontal mining sublevels, access routes running the length ofthe ore body within a sublevel, and crosscuts drilled perpendicular to the access routes. The result is massive subsidence, accompanied by the exceptionally high production rate and great areal extent characteristic of block caving.
As far as quantity is concerned, sublevel caving is now the most important method with about 25 million tonnes per annum out of which kiruna alone. The draw horizon is then developed complete with draw points. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian. This follows previous symposia held in santiago in 2014. Sub level caving method allows working in parallel on different sub levels in the mine. Nov 03, 2017 atlas copco block caving mining method duration. Jun 25, 2010 modern day sublevel caving the sublevel caving technique, as the method is applied today, the whole quantity of ore between the different sublevels is broken using author. A gravity flow model of fragmented rocks in longitudinal sublevel. The australian centre for geomechanics looks forward to hosting the fourth international symposium on block and sublevel caving in vancouver in october 2018. Safety issues in sublevel caving the brow, the edge of the intact rock and the broken rock mass, is the area where many safety hazards are present and is the area where hookup operations. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. Sublevel caving is one of many different methods for underground hard rock mining. A study of gravity flow principles of sublevel caving.
Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file. Makwara synopsis traditionally, mineral reserves management at most underground mines in zimbabwe focus on maintaining large mineral reserves so that the time between development and production is as long as possible. Mar 15, 2017 block gravity caving is a bulk underground mining method, which allows large lowgrade deposits to be mined underground. Sublevel caving slc block caving bc front caving fc. Strength of the hanging wall, footwall, and ore body. Design rules for avoiding draw horizon damage in deep. The australian centre for geomechanics looks forward to hosting the fourth international symposium on block and sublevel caving in vancouver in septemberoctober 2018. Modern day sublevel caving the sublevel caving technique, as the method is applied today, the whole quantity of ore between the different sublevels is broken using. Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary. Block caving is an underground mining method applicable to the extraction of lowgrade, massive ore bodies with the following characteristics. Description of sublevel caving method an underground mining method used in. Blasting starts at the uppermost sublevel at hanging wallblasting of fan breaks ore causing it to cave into the drift 3. Sublevel caving article about sublevel caving by the free. The ore deposit is developed by a series of sublevels spaced at vertical intervals of 18 to 25 ft or 30 ft 5.
Sublevel caving and block caving underground mining methods presentation pdf available february 2014 with 6,829 reads how we measure reads. This article discusses the system details and the impact this system can have on the slc method that is used in many underground mines throughout the world. Block caving is an extreme case of sublevel caving in which instead of a back of ore 5 to 10 ft. By combined use of dimensional analysis and similitude studies in physical modelling coupled with numerical simulation, this paper reports results of a study of gravity flow of muck in. Black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd 24,516 views. The loss and dilution of ore by sublevel caving mining method is influenced by gravity flow principles of caved granular materials rocks. Jun 25, 2010 sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible.
These ore bodies are generally low grade in nature and are too deep to be extracted through open pit mining. Block caving is a largescale mining method that is particularly useful for mining lowgrade or disseminated ore bodies which are at too great a depth to be exploited through opencast mining. This method is unlike sublevel caving, in that both the ore and the rock are normally involved in the caving. Schedules production for block, panel and sublevel caving. As in sublevel caving, the caving proceeds in a columnar fashion to the surface.
Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping top results of your surfing geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to. Sublevel caving technique mining drilling rig scribd. After the bottom of the block, or panel, is cut up into pillars by drifts and cross drifts, the pillars are robbed, and then the remaining stumps are. Pdf longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production. In block caving, a large section of rock is undercut, creating an artificial cavern that fills with its own rubble as it collapses. Traditional mining methods for hangingwall orebody include surface mining and backfill stoping method such as that in the fenghuangshan iron mine of china and the kidd creek zinccopper mine of canada, the sublevel caving method such as that in the yeshan iron mine and the longshou mine of china, and the sublevel open stoping and caving mining method such as that used by liu et al. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. Apr 21, 20 sublevel caving past and future australian centre for 23 dec 2009 induced caving hence the name sublevel caving. Mining methods such as block caving or sublevel caving rely on the characteristics of the rock mass to cave efficiently to fulfill an economical production.
Pdf drilling and blasting parameters in sublevel caving. Blockcaving copper mining methods and costs at the miami mine. In this system access tunnels and haulages are developed from the shaft to the contact of the ore bodies. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. The design examples used in this dissertation is based on the o640, l651 and n659.
This method is particularly suitable for lowgrade minerals or with disseminated mineralization. Sublevel stoping, cut and fill mining and sublevel caving have generally replaced shrinkage mining in australia, europe and canada. Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave. Pdf an assessment of dilution in sublevel caving at.
An assessment of dilution in sublevel caving at kazansi mine monthly insitu tonnage of 55,194 tonnes, insitu grade of 8. The identification of influencing parameters and cavability assessment are, thus, a prime geotechnical focus for all. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. Kvhpm department of mining and mine surveying, royal institute of technology, stockholm, sweden received 1 november 1965 atraetthe following article contains a summary of the results obtained by theoretical calculations, model experiments and largescale. This method involves undermining the orebody to make it collapse under its own weight into a series of chambers from which the ore extracted. Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. Justintime development model for a sublevel caving. Sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Thus sublevel caving is usually used to mine lowgrade, lowvalue orebodies. Evolution of sublevel caving safety improvement through. Atlas copco sublevel caving mining method black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd. Sublevel caving, slc, underground blasting, caving, caving flow.
Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping top results of your surfing geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. Recovery reports generated by level, phase, resource classification, drawpoint and time. The boundary conditions in ore mining by the caving method can be divided into. Longwall top coal caving introduction underground coal. The method functions on the principle that ore is fragmented by blasting, while the overlying host rock fractures and caves under the action of mine induced stresses and gravity bull and page, 2000. Block caving is an underground hard rock mining method that involves undermining an ore body, allowing it to progressively collapse under its own weight. In block caving, a large section of rock is undercut, creating an artificial cavern. Feb 10, 2018 atlas copco sublevel caving mining method black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd. The second stage involved the visual identification and manual collection of. It is a largescale mining method suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass with a host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions. Oct 25, 2017 the loss and dilution of ore by sublevel caving mining method is influenced by gravity flow principles of caved granular materials rocks. Draw control strategy for sublevel caving mines simple search. A stoping method in which relatively thin blocks of ore are caused to cave by successively undermining small panels. Since the mining system now in use is a sublevel caving mining method, it seems logical to consider increasing the dis tance between sublevels and the drawing off of a higher back of ore through each set of workings.
Mining now proceeds underground, underneath the open pit. A study of gravity flow principles of sublevel caving method. In 2007, freeport mcmoran merged with phelps dodge. Fil1 is not required and manual labour requirements are low. Gravity flow of broken rock muck in dipping narrow veins is complex. Sublevel caving article about sublevel caving by the.
What is the difference between sublevel stopping and sublevel. Gravity flow of broken rock in sublevel caving slc. Sublevel caving past and future australian centre for. Longwall top coal caving ltcc is a special type of longwall mining applicable to very thick seams greater than 4. This means that continuous excavation works can be ongoing at one sub level without interfering with another. Determination and assessment of parameters influencing. The method is still used in a handful of nonmechanised mines in south america, africa, asia and canada. In openstope mines the greatest loss of ore is that tied up in pillars left for support of the back or hanging wall. About copper mining and mining photo from copper mines in india by n g nair manager mines malanjkhand copper project. Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilization of gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste rock kvapil, 1998. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions.
Blasting starts at the uppermost sublevel at hanging wallblasting of fan breaks ore causing it to cave into the drift. Shrinkage mining was a common stoping method prior to mechanised mining and the introduction of hydraulic fill. The most commonly used cave mining technique is block caving. This method is normally used in massive, steeplydipping orebodies with considerable strike length, and usually has a high amount of dilution and low recoveries. Ore extraction allows several drifts to be operated on the same sublevel. Jul 14, 2014 this method is unlike sublevel caving, in that both the ore and the rock are normally involved in the caving. Block caving is an underground mining method that uses gravity to exploit massive, steeply dipping ore bodies located at depth. Sublevel caving is a bulk mining method which is largely dependent upon the gravity. Sublevel and block caving capability within the same model. Pdf an assessment of dilution in sublevel caving at kazansi. Sub level caving method block caving mining engineer. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian mining. Block caving is a gravitybased underground mining method that involves breaking up the rock mass located at depth into pieces. By combining the ridgeway marker trial results with ground vibration records, analysis and.
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